Scalable Atomically Precise Manufacturing

In 1989 Don Eigler at IBM’s Almaden Research Center showed how to use a Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) to position individual atoms. IBM at the time predicted that the technique might one day be used to build atom-scale transistors that would be faster than what was available then. Now, over 30 years later, QSi is leading the world in developing and using atomically precise manufacturing to create electronics that use no transistors, are far faster than their transistor-based equivalent, and consume orders of magnitude less energy.

September 22, 2022

QSi White Paper

QSi is reinventing silicon semiconductor technology.

We develop, manufacture, and license high-speed, all-silicon electronics to meet the semiconductor industry's need for products that are faster and dramatically more energy efficient.

May 12, 2021

A New Class of Electronics

The US Patent Office has granted our patent entitled "Multiple Silicon Atom Quantum Dot and Devices Inclusive Thereof."

March 2, 2021

AVS Nanotechnology Recognition Award

Our CTO, Dr. Robert Wolkow, was honoured with one of the world’s premier nanotechnology awards— the AVS Nanoscale Science and Technology Division Nanotechnology Recognition Award. 

October 21, 2020

Deep learning-guided surface characterization for autonomous hydrogen lithography

As the development of atom scale devices transitions from novel, proof-of-concept demonstrations to state-of-the-art commercial applications, automated assembly of such devices must be implemented. Here we present an automation method for the identification of defects prior to atomic fabrication via hydrogen lithography using deep learning. We trained a convolutional neural network to locate and differentiate between surface features of the technologically relevant hydrogen-terminated silicon surface imaged using a scanning tunneling microscope. Once the positions and types of surface features are determined, the predefined atomic structures are patterned in a defect-free area. By training the network to differentiate between common defects we are able to avoid charged defects as well as edges of the patterning terraces. Augmentation with previously developed autonomous tip shaping and patterning modules allows for atomic scale lithography with minimal user intervention.

March 18, 2020

EnergyNow

Quantum Silicon Inc.: A new generation of computing circuits that are tiny, fast and cool.

January 16, 2020

Detecting and Directing Single Molecule Binding Events on H-Si(100) with Application to Ultradense Data Storage

Many diverse material systems are being explored to enable smaller, more capable and energy efficient devices. These bottom up approaches for atomic and molecular electronics, quantum computation, and data storage all rely on a well-developed understanding of materials at the atomic scale. Here, we report a versatile scanning tunneling microscope (STM) charge characterization technique, which reduces the influence of the typically perturbative STM tip field, to develop this understanding even further. Using this technique, we can now observe single molecule binding events to atomically defined reactive sites (fabricated on a hydrogen-terminated silicon surface) through electronic detection. We then developed a simplified error correction tool for automated hydrogen lithography, quickly directing molecular hydrogen binding events using these sites to precisely repassivate surface dangling bonds (without the use of a scanned probe). We additionally incorporated this molecular repassivation technique as the primary rewriting mechanism in ultradense atomic data storage designs (0.88 petabits per in2).

November 27, 2019

Electrostatic Landscape of a Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surface Probed by a Moveable Quantum Dot

With nanoelectronics reaching the limit of atom-sized devices, it has become critical to examine how irregularities in the local environment can affect device functionality. Here, we characterize the influence of charged atomic species on the electrostatic potential of a semiconductor surface at the subnanometer scale. Using noncontact atomic force microscopy, two-dimensional maps of the contact potential difference are used to show the spatially varying electrostatic potential on the (100) surface of hydrogen-terminated highly doped silicon. Three types of charged species, one on the surface and two within the bulk, are examined. An electric field sensitive spectroscopic signature of a single probe atom reports on nearby charged species. The identity of one of the near-surface species has been uncertain in the literature, and we suggest that its character is more consistent with either a negatively charged interstitial hydrogen or a hydrogen vacancy complex.

August 6, 2019

TEDxYYC

Dr. Robert Wolkow talks about Atom Scale Manufacturing at its role in creating the ultimate green technology

June 15, 2019

Binary Atomic Silicon Logic

It has been proposed that miniature circuitry will ultimately be crafted from single atoms. Despite many advances in the study of atoms and molecules on surfaces using scanning probe microscopes, challenges with patterning and limited thermal structural stability have remained. Here we demonstrate rudimentary circuit elements through the patterning of dangling bonds on a hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. Dangling bonds sequester electrons both spatially and energetically in the bulk bandgap, circumventing short-circuiting by the substrate. We deploy paired dangling bonds occupied by one moveable electron to form a binary electronic building block. Inspired by earlier quantum dot-based approaches, binary information is encoded in the electron position, allowing demonstration of a binary wire and an OR gate.

December 13, 2018

Physics World

Research Associate, Moe Rashidi, explains how we are able to manipulate and monitor single electrons in predesigned atomically-defined structures. A long-standing goal for condensed matter physicists.

October 29, 2018

Making more Memory at the U of A

CBC interview with Roshan Achal on making a break-through that could drastically increase how much data memory we can store

July 25, 2018

Music stored in smallest stable rewritable atomic memory

Video demonstrating how single atoms of hydrogen can now be reliably placed and removed on a silicon chip.

July 23, 2018

Lithography for robust and editable atomic-scale silicon devices and memories

At the atomic scale, there has always been a trade-off between the ease of fabrication of structures and their thermal stability. Complex structures that are created effortlessly often disorder above cryogenic conditions. Conversely, systems with high thermal stability do not generally permit the same degree of complex manipulations. Here, we report scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques to substantially improve automated hydrogen lithography (HL) on silicon, and to transform state-of-the-art hydrogen repassivation into an efficient, accessible error correction/editing tool relative to existing chemical and mechanical methods. These techniques are readily adapted to many STMs, together enabling fabrication of error-free, room-temperature stable structures of unprecedented size. We created two rewriteable atomic memories (1.1 petabits per in2), storing the alphabet letter-by-letter in 8 bits and a piece of music in 192 bits. With HL no longer faced with this trade-off, practical silicon-based atomic-scale devices are poised to make rapid advances towards their full potential.

July 23, 2018

Atomic White Out

Although patterning of atomic silicon quantum dots (ASiQDs) to create nanoelectronic devices has been possible for some years, even the best patterning technique has been susceptible to occasional error. This paper demonstrates the mechanochemistry bonding of a single hydrogen atom to a ASiQD or erase or “passivate” it, opening the door for larger and more elaborate ASiQD structures and furthering scalability of the paradigm.

July 18, 2017